Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output in liters per minute?

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = $$5.6 L/$$min

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the location of the human heart within the thoracic cavity?

Accepted Answer

It is situated in the mediastinal area, slightly to the left of the midline, with its base directed upward and right.

Question 2

Which layer of the heart is responsible for its contractile function?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 3

A patient presents with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space. Which of the following is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

The heart's ability to expand and fill during diastole

Question 4

Which of the following correctly matches the heart chamber with the type of blood it receives?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium.

Question 5

During the cardiac cycle, which event is responsible for the 'LUB' sound heard on auscultation?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 6

Which of the following structures prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during ventricular systole?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Question 7

A blockage in the left pulmonary vein would most directly affect which part of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Left atrium

Question 8

Which valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonic semilunar valve

Question 9

If the SA node fails to function, which structure typically takes over as the pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

AV node

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body through the systemic circulation, requiring greater force.

Question 11

Which equation best represents cardiac output ($$CO) in $$terms of heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 12

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output in liters per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min = $$5.6 L/$$min

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the conduction system of the heart is correct?

Accepted Answer

The SA node is the primary pacemaker, located at the entrance of the superior vena cava.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They anchor the AV valve leaflets to the papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 16

Which valve is most likely to be affected in a patient with mitral valve insufficiency, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Bicuspid (mitral) valve; backflow of blood into the left atrium

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulations?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, while systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of the autonomic nervous system in heart rate regulation?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases it.

Question 19

A patient has a defect in the aortic valve. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole

Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function of the Human Heart

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