Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

To transport nutrients, gases, wastes, and hormones throughout the body

Question 2

Blood flows from the left ventricle into which vessel, initiating systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Question 3

Which equation correctly relates flow ($$Q$$), pressure difference ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R) in $$the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

$$Q = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 4

A patient has a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. What is the pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

40 mmHg

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why capillaries are the primary site of exchange in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

They have the largest total cross-sectional area and thin walls

Question 6

During vasoconstriction, which of the following changes occurs in a blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

Radius decreases, resistance increases

Question 7

Which formula correctly calculates stroke volume ($$SV) $$from end-diastolic volume ($$EDV) $$and end-systolic volume ($$ESV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between arteries and veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart

Question 9

Which event in the cardiac cycle is represented by the QRS complex on an ECG?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 10

If the radius of a blood vessel is halved, how does the resistance to flow change according to Poiseuille’s law?

Accepted Answer

Resistance increases by a factor of 16

Question 11

Which of the following factors would most likely increase stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and major vessels?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of the skeletal muscle pump in venous return?

Accepted Answer

It compresses veins, pushing blood toward the heart

Question 14

Which statement about the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have a prolonged plateau phase due to calcium influx

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream

Question 16

Which of the following would most likely result from increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and increased contractility

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The greater the stretch of cardiac muscle fibers, the stronger the contraction

Question 18

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged PR interval. What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Delayed conduction through the AV node

Question 19

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the function of pericytes in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They regulate capillary diameter and permeability

Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Physiology

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