Question 1

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through aerobic respiration, and what structural feature enhances its efficiency?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; inner membrane folds called cristae

Question 2

A patient with a genetic disorder affecting the breakdown of fatty acids is most likely to have a defect in which organelle?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Accepted Answer

Folds and modifies proteins, attaches sugars, and packages proteins into vesicles

Question 4

During protein synthesis, which sequence of organelles is involved in the modification and export of a newly synthesized protein?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Plasma membrane

Question 5

Which cytoskeletal filament is most important for resisting mechanical stress and maintaining the shape of the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 6

A cell specialized for absorption in the small intestine is likely to have which surface extension, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli; increase surface area for absorption

Question 7

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and is responsible for autophagy?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 8

If a cell is unable to synthesize phospholipids, which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Smooth ER

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why muscle cells contain more mitochondria than skin cells?

Accepted Answer

Muscle cells require more ATP for contraction

Question 10

A researcher observes a cell with a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules in its extensions. What structure is being observed, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Cilia; sweep substances over the cell surface

Question 11

Which equation best represents the process of aerobic respiration occurring in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 12

Which organelle is responsible for sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids for export from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 13

A cell exposed to a toxin that inhibits microtubule formation would likely have defects in which process?

Accepted Answer

Cell division and movement of cilia/flagella

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

They consist of two subunits made of rRNA and proteins

Question 15

Which organelle is most directly involved in the detoxification of drugs in liver cells?

Accepted Answer

Smooth ER

Question 16

Which structure allows substances to pass between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

Nuclear pores

Question 17

What is the primary function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

Assembling ribosomes

Question 18

During cell division, chromatin condenses into chromosomes. What is the significance of the centromere in this process?

Accepted Answer

It holds sister chromatids together

Question 19

Which cytoskeletal component forms the core of microvilli and is essential for cellular motion with myosin?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments

Question 20

A cell with defective centrioles would most likely have problems with which cellular process?

Accepted Answer

Nuclear division (mitosis)

Cell Physiology: Cytoplasmic Organelles and Cellular Structures

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