$$\text{glucose} + \text{oxygen} + \text{ADP} \rightarrow \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{water} + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which statement best describes the principle of cell theory as it applies to human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions.

Question 2

A scientist wants to observe the surface details of a cell at very high magnification. Which microscopy technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Question 3

Which component of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for forming a barrier between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may burst (hemolysis).

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid-soluble and small molecules.

Question 6

What is the primary function of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

Providing lubrication, protection, and cell recognition

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents aerobic metabolism in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{glucose} + 	ext{oxygen} + 	ext{ADP} ightarrow 	ext{carbon dioxide} + 	ext{water} + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 8

A cell is actively transporting sodium ions out and potassium ions in. Which transport mechanism is being used?

Accepted Answer

Sodium-potassium exchange pump (active transport)

Question 9

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 10

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of steroid hormones and detoxification of drugs?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 11

A cell is observed to have many microvilli on its surface. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of nutrients

Question 12

Which process involves the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane toward a solution with higher solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 13

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

It delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon pairing.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

Breakdown and recycling of damaged cellular components

Question 15

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will lose water and shrink (crenation).

Question 16

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and shipping proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Which of the following is a characteristic of carrier-mediated transport?

Accepted Answer

It exhibits specificity for certain substrates.

Question 18

What is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Processing

Question 19

Which of the following best explains cellular differentiation?

Accepted Answer

Cells turn off genes not needed for their specific function.

Question 20

A patient’s cells are observed to have uncontrolled growth and invasion into surrounding tissues. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Malignant tumor (cancer)

Cell Structure and Function: Foundations of Human Physiology

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