Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of channel proteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They allow specific ions or molecules to cross the membrane down their concentration gradient without the use of energy.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and possibly burst because water moves into the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following processes requires the direct expenditure of cellular energy (ATP)?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 4

A cell is observed to engulf large particles by wrapping its plasma membrane around them and forming a vesicle. This process is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the sodium-potassium pump is essential for maintaining membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na$$^+$$ ions out and 2 K$$^+$$ ions in, creating an electrochemical gradient across the membrane.

Question 6

During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes align along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 7

A mutation damages the gene coding for a protein in the nuclear envelope. Which organelle's function is most likely to be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins by translating mRNA sequences.

Question 9

A patient has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of microtubules. Which of the following cellular structures would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cilia and flagella

Question 10

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is correct?

Accepted Answer

It requires a membrane protein but does not require energy.

Question 11

A scientist is studying a cell that has a high number of peroxisomes. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Neutralizing free radicals and detoxifying harmful substances

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between transcription and translation?

Accepted Answer

Transcription synthesizes mRNA from DNA; translation synthesizes protein from mRNA.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion

Question 14

A cell is observed to have a large number of mitochondria. What can you infer about the cell's function?

Accepted Answer

It requires a large amount of energy for its activities.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why aging cells accumulate lipofuscin pigment?

Accepted Answer

It is a byproduct of lysosomal digestion that accumulates over time as cellular waste.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 phase → S phase → G2 phase → M phase

Question 17

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than inside the cell. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will lose water and shrink.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of tight junctions between epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the passage of substances between adjacent cells.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of increased cross-linking of collagen fibers in aging tissues?

Accepted Answer

Decreased flexibility and increased tissue stiffness

Question 20

A researcher observes that a cell is actively secreting large amounts of protein. Which organelles would you expect to be especially prominent in this cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Cell Structure, Function, and Division: Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

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