Question 1

Which statement best describes the principle of complementarity in cell theory?

Accepted Answer

Cell structure determines cell function, meaning the anatomy of a cell dictates its physiological activities.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with a double membrane containing pores, a dark-staining region, and scattered DNA. Which organelle is being described?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is relatively impermeable to most water-soluble molecules?

Accepted Answer

The hydrophobic nonpolar tails of phospholipids form the interior of the membrane, repelling water-soluble substances.

Question 4

Which type of cell junction allows direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the passage of ions and small molecules?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the nature of this replication?

Accepted Answer

During interphase, DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one old and one new strand.

Question 6

A patient is given a hypertonic intravenous solution. What will happen to their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cells, causing them to shrink (crenate).

Question 7

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins and can be found both free in the cytoplasm and attached to another organelle?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 8

What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump, and which equation best represents the movement of ions?

Accepted Answer

It maintains membrane potential by pumping 3 Na$$^+$$ out and 2 K$$^+ in $$per ATP hydrolyzed: $$3\ Na^+_{(in)} \rightarrow 3\ Na^+_{(out)}$$, $$2\ K^+_{(out)} \rightarrow 2\ K^+_{(in)}$$

Question 9

Which process involves the cell engulfing large particles such as bacteria, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis; its primary function is protection, not nutrient acquisition.

Question 10

Which organelle modifies and packages proteins received from the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 11

A cell in the small intestine has many microvilli. What is the primary advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

Increased surface area for absorption of nutrients.

Question 12

Which cytoskeletal element is the largest and is primarily responsible for generating intracellular movement?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 13

Which process is described as the movement of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure, and where is it critical in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Filtration; it is critical in the kidneys for urine formation.

Question 14

Which type of membrane transport requires ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 15

During protein synthesis, which RNA type carries the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 16

If a DNA template strand has the sequence TACTGC, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$AUGACG$$

Question 17

Which organelle contains oxidase enzymes that detoxify harmful substances and convert free radicals to hydrogen peroxide and then to water?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 18

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by chromosomes aligning at the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 19

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures and dispose of bacteria and cell debris.

Question 20

Which process involves the selective uptake of specific molecules such as hormones and cholesterol via membrane-bound receptors?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Cells and Tissues: Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (Chapter 3 Study Notes)

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