Q: Which of the following equations correctly relates osmolarity to molarity for a solute that dissociates into $$n$$ particles?

$$\text{Osmolarity} = \text{Molarity} \times n$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the principle of complementarity of structure and function in cells?

Accepted Answer

The biochemical functions of cells are dictated by the shape of the cell and specific subcellular structures.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution with an osmolarity higher than its cytoplasm. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves the cell, a process called crenation.

Question 3

Which component of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for its fluid mosaic nature?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids

Question 4

A solution contains 1 M NaCl. What is its osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

$$2~	ext{osmol/L}$$

Question 5

Which type of membrane protein is most likely to function as a channel for ions to pass through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Integral transmembrane proteins

Question 6

What is the main function of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

To serve as a biological marker for cell-cell recognition

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily cross the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They are nonpolar and lipid-soluble, allowing simple diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing DNA

Question 10

Which type of cell junction is most important in preventing leakage of extracellular fluid between epithelial cells lining the intestines?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 11

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport of polar molecules via carrier or channel proteins down their concentration gradient

Question 12

If a cell's plasma membrane is damaged and becomes permeable to sodium ions, what is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ions will move into the cell, potentially disrupting osmotic balance and causing cell swelling.

Question 13

Which of the following equations correctly relates osmolarity to molarity for a solute that dissociates into $$n$$ particles?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Osmolarity} = 	ext{Molarity} 	imes n$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world example of a disease caused by malfunction of a membrane transporter?

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis, due to genetic problems with chloride transporter

Question 15

Which pressure is exerted by the increased volume of water inside a cell due to osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It increases membrane stability.

Question 17

Which type of cell junction allows for direct passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells, facilitating rapid electrical communication in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 18

Which of the following molecules would most likely require a carrier protein for transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Glucose

Question 19

What is the primary reason water moves from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water moves to dilute the higher concentration of solute, balancing osmolarity.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of desmosomes in tissues such as cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

They anchor cells together, allowing 'give' between cells and reducing tearing under tension.

Cells: The Living Units – Structure, Diversity, and Function

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