Question 1

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell, preparing them for separation?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 2

A mutation in the TP53 gene is most likely to result in which of the following cellular outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Uncontrolled cell division leading to cancer

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3 \mathrm{Na}^+$$ out and $$2 \mathrm{K}^+ in$$, maintaining a negative resting potential.

Question 4

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix?

Accepted Answer

Helicase

Question 5

A patient presents with a fast-growing, unencapsulated tumor that has spread to other organs. Which term best describes this tumor?

Accepted Answer

Malignant

Question 6

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 7

If a neuron’s membrane potential is at $$-70\ \mathrm{mV}$$, which process is primarily responsible for maintaining this resting state?

Accepted Answer

Active transport by the sodium-potassium pump

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the 'all-or-none' principle of action potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Once threshold is reached, a full action potential is generated regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 9

A cell is observed to constantly divide and replace dead cells, such as those in the GI tract. What type of mitotic rate does this cell exhibit?

Accepted Answer

High mitotic rate

Question 10

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Question 11

Which phase of the cell cycle is responsible for DNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 12

A scientist observes a cell with condensed chromatin and visible chromosomes. Which phase of mitosis is this cell most likely in?

Accepted Answer

Prophase

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase at a cholinergic synapse?

Accepted Answer

It breaks down acetylcholine to stop the signal.

Question 14

Which equation correctly represents the maximum transport rate ($$T_{max}) $$for a carrier-mediated process?

Accepted Answer

$$T_{max} = \dfrac{V_{max} \cdot [S]}{K_m + [S]}$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system’s sympathetic division?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates 'fight or flight' responses

Question 16

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell by osmosis. Which type of transport is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumors are encapsulated and slow-growing; malignant tumors are unencapsulated and fast-growing.

Question 18

Which process is responsible for the division of cytoplasm during cell division?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis

Question 19

A neuron is unable to fire another action potential, no matter how strong the stimulus. Which period is the neuron in?

Accepted Answer

Absolute refractory period

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the propagation of action potentials in myelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory conduction, jumping from node to node

Cellular and Nervous System Fundamentals: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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