Q: During vigorous exercise, a person's heart rate increases to 150 beats per minute and their stroke volume is 100 mL. What is their cardiac output in liters per minute? Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 150 \times 100 = 15,000 mL/$$min = 15 L/min

Question 1

A patient presents with fluid buildup in the lungs due to heart failure. Which chamber of the heart is most likely failing to pump blood efficiently, leading to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a double sac covering that reduces friction around the heart.

Question 3

During vigorous exercise, a person's heart rate increases to 150 beats per minute and their stroke volume is 100 mL. What is their cardiac output in liters per minute? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 150 	imes 100 = 15,000 mL/$$min = 15 L/min

Question 4

Which blood vessel type is most likely to have valves, and what is the primary function of these valves?

Accepted Answer

Veins; to prevent backflow of blood toward the heart

Question 5

A blockage in the left coronary artery would most directly affect which part of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle and interventricular septum

Question 6

Which of the following correctly matches the heart valve with its location and function?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve; between left atrium and left ventricle; stops backflow into atrium

Question 7

If the SA node fails to function, which structure will most likely take over as the pacemaker of the heart?

Accepted Answer

AV node

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring more force.

Question 9

A newborn is diagnosed with a patent foramen ovale. What is the physiological consequence of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood mix between the atria.

Question 10

Which of the following is a direct effect of atherosclerosis on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Plaque buildup leading to increased risk of heart attack or stroke

Question 11

During the cardiac cycle, which event is responsible for the 'lub' sound heard through a stethoscope?

Accepted Answer

AV (atrioventricular) valves closing

Question 12

Which of the following factors would most likely increase blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity

Question 13

A patient with chronic hypertension is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Silent damage to blood vessels and organs

Question 14

Which pathway correctly traces the flow of blood through the heart starting from the vena cava?

Accepted Answer

Vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 16

Which vessel type is primarily responsible for gas exchange between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 17

A patient has a blood pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the pulmonary circulation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 19

Which developmental structure allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs before birth?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System – Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard