Question 1

Which of the following best explains why erythrocytes (RBCs) are highly efficient at transporting oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Their biconcave shape increases surface area and shortens diffusion distance for gases.

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory results show microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the reversible binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Hb} + 4\mathrm{O}_2 \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{Hb}(\mathrm{O}_2)_4$$

Question 4

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; stimulates red blood cell production

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

A three-step process involving vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation

Question 6

During the coagulation cascade, which enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

Accepted Answer

Thrombin

Question 7

A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis is prescribed warfarin. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

It interferes with vitamin K action, reducing synthesis of clotting factors.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why individuals with sickle-cell trait have a survival advantage in malaria-endemic regions?

Accepted Answer

Sickled cells are destroyed more rapidly, reducing parasite load.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct statement about the ABO blood group system?

Accepted Answer

Type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

Question 10

A patient receives a transfusion of mismatched blood. Which of the following is the most immediate and dangerous consequence?

Accepted Answer

The recipient's plasma antibodies agglutinate donor RBCs, blocking small vessels.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a blood buffer and helps maintain plasma osmotic pressure.

Question 12

A patient with a deficiency in von Willebrand factor would most likely have problems with which step of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Platelet plug formation

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why polycythemia increases the risk of stroke?

Accepted Answer

It increases blood viscosity, making blood flow sluggish and prone to clot formation.

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the destruction of old erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Heme is degraded to bilirubin, iron is stored as ferritin or hemosiderin, globin is broken down to amino acids.

Question 15

A patient with a genetic deficiency in factor VIII would most likely be diagnosed with which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Hemophilia A

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

They are highly phagocytic and kill bacteria using defensins and oxidizing substances.

Question 17

A patient with a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) is at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous bleeding and petechiae

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic pathway is triggered by negatively charged surfaces within the blood; extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor from damaged tissue.

Chapter 17: Blood – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard