$$GFR = K_f \times (P_{GC} - P_{BS} - \pi_{GC})$$

Question 1

Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering blood and forming urine in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 2

A patient presents with high blood pressure and low urine output. Which hormone is most likely elevated, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Accepted Answer

$$GFR = K_f 	imes (P_{GC} - P_{BS} - \pi_{GC})$$

Question 4

Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

Accepted Answer

Endometrium

Question 5

During spermatogenesis, which cell type is the first to undergo meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Primary spermatocyte

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 7

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate and weight loss

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in the body?

Accepted Answer

Facilitates cellular uptake of glucose, lowering blood glucose levels

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 10

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 11

A patient has a blood pH of 7.1. Which condition does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Accepted Answer

Production of insulin

Question 13

Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

Question 14

Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 15

Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of proteins in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Pepsin

Question 16

A patient with pernicious anemia is most likely deficient in which vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Systolic is the pressure during ventricular contraction; diastolic is the pressure during ventricular relaxation

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the spleen?

Accepted Answer

Removes old and damaged erythrocytes from circulation

Question 19

Which respiratory volume is defined as the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing?

Accepted Answer

Tidal volume (TV)

Comprehensive Study Guide: Anatomy & Physiology II (APHY 102) – Major Organ Systems and Functions

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