Q: Which equation represents the calculation of resting membrane potential ($$V_m) $$using the Nernst equation for a single ion?

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary muscle tissue is controlled consciously, such as skeletal muscle, while involuntary muscle tissue, such as cardiac and smooth muscle, is regulated automatically by the nervous system.

Question 2

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury that disrupts the transmission of action potentials along motor neurons. Which structure is most directly affected in the process of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

The neuromuscular junction, where the motor neuron communicates with the muscle fiber

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between force ($$F$$), mass ($$m$$), and acceleration ($$a) in $$muscle contraction according to Newton's Second Law?

Accepted Answer

$$F = m 	imes a$$

Question 4

During a clinical assessment, a physician tests the patellar reflex. Which pathway is primarily involved in this reflex?

Accepted Answer

A monosynaptic pathway where the sensory neuron synapses directly with the motor neuron

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions ($$Ca^{2+}) $$necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 6

A patient presents with muscle weakness and delayed reflexes. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Which process is most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Transmission of the action potential from the neuron to the muscle fiber

Question 7

Which of the following is the correct order of connective tissue layers from smallest to largest in a peripheral nerve?

Accepted Answer

Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Question 8

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 9

A patient is unable to dorsiflex their foot after an injury. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

It increases the speed of action potential conduction along the axon.

Question 11

Which equation represents the calculation of resting membrane potential ($$V_m) $$using the Nernst equation for a single ion?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 12

Which muscle is primarily responsible for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint?

Accepted Answer

Deltoid

Question 13

A patient has difficulty flexing their forearm at the elbow. Which muscle is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Biceps brachii

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of antagonistic muscle pairs?

Accepted Answer

They work in opposition, with one muscle contracting while the other relaxes to produce movement.

Question 15

Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movements?

Accepted Answer

Cerebellum

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of heart rate and digestion

Question 17

A patient is unable to extend their wrist after a humeral fracture. Which nerve is most likely injured?

Accepted Answer

Radial nerve

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the perimysium in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

It surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles.

Question 19

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of cardiac output ($$CO) in $$terms of heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

It is non-striated and under involuntary control.

Comprehensive Study Guide: Muscular and Nervous Systems in Anatomy & Physiology

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