Question 1

A patient is experiencing symptoms of chronic stress, including elevated blood glucose and suppressed immune function. Which hormone is primarily responsible for these effects, and what is the name of the syndrome describing the body's response to prolonged stress?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; General Adaptation Syndrome

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between arteries and veins in terms of structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker tunica media and carry blood under high pressure; veins have thinner tunica media and carry blood under low pressure.

Question 3

A person with blood type AB- receives a transfusion of type O+ blood. Which of the following best explains the immunological risk involved?

Accepted Answer

The recipient may develop an immune response to the Rh antigen present in the donor blood.

Question 4

Which equation correctly represents the reversible reaction for carbon dioxide transport in blood, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_2CO_3 \rightleftharpoons H^+ + $$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 5

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety. What acid-base disturbance is most likely to occur, and how will the kidneys compensate?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis; kidneys retain hydrogen ions and excrete bicarbonate

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle of the heart has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater force to overcome systemic resistance.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Atrial systole → ventricular systole → AV valves close → semilunar valves open

Question 8

A patient with chronic kidney disease has a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of metabolic wastes in the blood (azotemia)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 10

A person is exposed to a novel virus and develops antibodies after two weeks. Which type of immunity is this, and what is the primary cell type involved?

Accepted Answer

Active acquired immunity; B lymphocytes

Question 11

During exercise, which physiological mechanism increases oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Increased cardiac output and vasodilation of muscle arterioles

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the function of surfactant in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

It reduces surface tension in alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation.

Question 13

A patient with a mutation in the gene for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is unable to concentrate urine. Which part of the nephron is most directly affected by this hormone?

Accepted Answer

Collecting duct

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct statement about the movement of water between body fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Water moves freely between compartments by osmosis, driven by solute concentration gradients.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the role of bile in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Bile emulsifies fats, increasing their surface area for lipase action.

Question 17

A patient is found to have hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels). Which of the following is a potential consequence if not corrected?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the Sertoli cells in the male reproductive system?

Accepted Answer

They support and nourish developing sperm cells.

Question 19

During which stage of labor does the placenta detach and exit the uterus?

Accepted Answer

Placental stage

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies; cell-mediated immunity involves T cells targeting infected or abnormal cells.

Comprehensive Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard