Na\textsuperscript{+} ions enter the cell, making the inside more positive.

ATP is used to reset Na\textsuperscript{+}/K\textsuperscript{+} pumps to their resting state.

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of depolarization in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

Na	extsuperscript{+} ions enter the cell, making the inside more positive.

Question 2

During hyperpolarization, what happens to the membrane potential and the likelihood of an action potential?

Accepted Answer

The membrane potential becomes more negative, making an action potential less likely.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP is used to reset Na	extsuperscript{+}/K	extsuperscript{+} pumps to their resting state.

Question 4

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps after intense exercise. Which proprioceptor is most likely involved in this response?

Accepted Answer

Golgi tendon organ, due to diminished function and inability to inhibit contraction.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents Poiseuille’s Law for fluid flow in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

$$F = (P_1$ - P_2$) \pi r^4$ / 8LN$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the difference between EPSP and IPSP at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

EPSP increases the likelihood of reaching threshold, IPSP decreases it.

Question 7

A muscle fiber is stimulated repeatedly without relaxation, resulting in a sustained contraction. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

Tetanic contraction

Question 8

Which adaptation is most likely to occur in the first 8 weeks of strength training?

Accepted Answer

Improved neural drive and motor unit recruitment

Question 9

Which hormone is most directly associated with anabolic effects and muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 10

A patient has a low heart rate variability (HRV) measured by RMSSD. What does this indicate about their autonomic nervous system activity?

Accepted Answer

Low parasympathetic activity

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the baroreceptor reflex in blood pressure regulation?

Accepted Answer

Detects changes in blood pressure and stimulates parasympathetic centers to decrease heart rate.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes preload in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

The initial stretching of cardiac myocytes prior to contraction.

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE about the Frank-Starling mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the length of cardiac fibers increases contractility.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct statement about muscle spindles?

Accepted Answer

They detect the rate of muscle stretch and contribute to contraction.

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide) production in the heart?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood volume

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct formula for ejection fraction (EF) in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = SV / EDV$$

Question 17

Which adaptation is most likely in endurance-trained athletes regarding heart rate variability (HRV)?

Accepted Answer

Higher HRV due to increased parasympathetic activity

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the QRS complex in an ECG?

Accepted Answer

It represents ventricular depolarization.

Question 19

A patient is struck in the chest and immediately collapses with cardiac arrest. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Commotio Cordis

Comprehensive Study Notes: Muscle Physiology and Cardiovascular Function

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