Question 1

Which muscle is primarily responsible for closing the jaw during mastication, and what would be the effect on chewing if this muscle were paralyzed?

Accepted Answer

Masseter; chewing would be severely impaired due to inability to elevate the mandible

Question 2

The periosteum is a protective layer covering bones. Which specific fibers anchor the periosteum to the underlying bone, and what is their role in bone health?

Accepted Answer

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers; they secure the periosteum and help resist mechanical stress

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the main function of intervertebral discs, and what would be the consequence of their degeneration?

Accepted Answer

To absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine; degeneration would lead to decreased shock absorption and increased risk of nerve compression

Question 4

A patient presents with a fracture at the epiphyseal plate of the femur. What is the clinical significance of this location, and which hormone is most likely to influence healing during childhood?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of bone lengthening; growth hormone is most important for healing

Question 5

Which of the following tissues is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo, and what process does it undergo during development?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage; it undergoes endochondral ossification

Question 6

A muscle cell is unable to respond to a new stimulus immediately after contraction. This period is known as the ________, and is crucial for preventing tetanic contractions. What is the physiological basis for this period?

Accepted Answer

Refractory period; due to inactivation of sodium channels

Question 7

Which of the following factors most directly determines the power of a muscle, and how does this relate to muscle hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

The total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction; increased fiber number leads to greater power

Question 8

Which muscle inserts into the posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon, and what is its primary action during walking?

Accepted Answer

Gastrocnemius; plantarflexes the foot

Question 9

Which of the following bones is NOT weight bearing, and what is its clinical significance in ankle injuries?

Accepted Answer

Talus; fractures may compromise ankle stability but do not affect weight transmission

Question 10

A patient with osteoporosis is found to have estrogen deficiency. Which of the following best explains the role of estrogen in bone health?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen inhibits osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption and maintaining bone density

Question 11

Which of the following muscle groups is most likely to be involved in a 'pulled groin' injury, and what is the typical mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Thigh adductors; forceful abduction of the thigh

Question 12

Which protein is most associated with the characteristic of extensibility in muscle tissue, and what is its molecular function?

Accepted Answer

Elastic (titin) filaments; allow muscles to stretch and recoil

Question 13

Which of the following is a bone marking described as a round or oval opening through a bone, and what is its function?

Accepted Answer

Foramen; passage for nerves and blood vessels

Question 14

Which vertebra does NOT have a body, and what is its anatomical significance?

Accepted Answer

Atlas; allows nodding movement of the head

Question 15

Which of the following muscles is used to form a smile, and what nerve innervates it?

Accepted Answer

Zygomaticus major; facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 16

Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction, and how does it influence contraction?

Accepted Answer

Number of muscle fibers stimulated; more fibers increase force and duration

Question 17

Which of the following bones is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton, and what is its functional significance?

Accepted Answer

Skull; protects the brain

Question 18

Which muscle group is known as the 'boxer's muscle,' and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Serratus anterior; protracts the scapula

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

Comprehensive Study Notes: Musculoskeletal System and Bone Physiology

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard