$$3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{\text{out}} + 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{\text{in}}$$

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They recycle neurotransmitters, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and provide structural support.

Question 2

A patient suffers damage to the dorsal root of the spinal cord. Which function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Sensory input from the body to the CNS

Question 3

Which equation best represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

$$3 \mathrm{Na}^+_{	ext{out}} + 2 \mathrm{K}^+_{	ext{in}}$$

Question 4

Which type of neuron is most likely to be found in the retina, based on its structure?

Accepted Answer

Bipolar neuron

Question 5

A toxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons. What is the most immediate effect on neuronal function?

Accepted Answer

Neurons will be unable to generate action potentials.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why myelinated axons conduct signals faster than unmyelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Myelinated axons allow action potentials to jump between nodes of Ranvier, a process called saltatory conduction.

Question 7

Which glial cell is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Ependymal cell

Question 8

A patient presents with loss of sensation in a specific dermatome. Which structure is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Dorsal root of the spinal nerve

Question 9

Which of the following best describes graded potentials?

Accepted Answer

They are localized changes in membrane potential that vary in strength and can summate.

Question 10

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential of an ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}} ight)$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of microglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Migrating through neural tissue to remove debris and pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 12

Which process is responsible for the movement of ions down their concentration gradient through open channels?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the propagation of an action potential along a myelinated axon?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory conduction, where the action potential jumps from node to node

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Processing and integrating sensory information

Question 15

Which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Schwann cell

Question 16

A patient has a mutation that impairs the function of ligand-gated ion channels at the postsynaptic membrane. Which process will be most affected?

Accepted Answer

Generation of graded potentials in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the axon hillock in a neuron?

Accepted Answer

It integrates signals and initiates an action potential if the threshold is reached.

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between white matter and gray matter in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, while white matter contains myelinated axons.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the effect of a demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis on neural transmission?

Accepted Answer

It decreases the speed and reliability of action potential propagation.

Comprehensive Study Notes: Nervous System Structure and Function

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