Question 1

Which statement best describes the principle of complementarity in anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Question 2

Amino acid-based hormones typically exert their effects through which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Second messenger systems involving regulatory G proteins.

Question 3

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for increasing blood glucose levels and heart rate during stress?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of hormones in target cells?

Accepted Answer

Directly synthesize ATP from glucose

Question 5

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted to restore homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 6

Which organ system is responsible for producing erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys

Question 7

Steroid hormones differ from amino acid-based hormones in their mechanism of action because they:

Accepted Answer

Directly activate genes by binding to intracellular receptors.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of leptin?

Accepted Answer

Signals satiety and stimulates increased energy expenditure.

Question 9

Exposure to xenoestrogens can disrupt endocrine function. Which hormone group is most vulnerable to these pollutants?

Accepted Answer

Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, and glucocorticoids

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of ATP to cAMP by adenylate cyclase in the second messenger pathway?

Accepted Answer

$$ATP \xrightarrow{adenylate\ cyclase} cAMP + PP_i$$

Question 11

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for aldosterone secretion?

Accepted Answer

Zona glomerulosa

Question 12

A patient with diabetes mellitus has a fasting blood glucose level of 180 mg/100 mL. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and regulates circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-life example of a hormone acting via a paracrine route?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins released locally to induce inflammation.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone based on chemical structure?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate-based

Question 16

Which hormone is produced by the heart and functions to reduce blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It releases regulatory hormones that control the pituitary gland.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Iodine uptake → thyroglobulin synthesis → iodination → coupling → release of T3 and T4

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why exposure to endocrine disruptors can increase cancer risk?

Accepted Answer

They interfere with glucocorticoid function, which can affect cell growth and immune regulation.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase blood calcium.

Course Introduction and Syllabus Overview: Anatomy & Physiology II (BIOL 196C)

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