Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the stomach in the digestive process?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, particularly proteins, using enzymes and acid

Question 2

A patient has a deficiency in pancreatic lipase. Which of the following would most likely be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 3

Which layer of the alimentary canal is primarily responsible for peristalsis and segmentation?

Accepted Answer

Muscularis externa

Question 4

A patient presents with a blockage in the common bile duct. Which accessory organ's secretions would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Gallbladder

Question 5

Which hormone stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 6

During the process of urine formation, which of the following correctly orders the steps?

Accepted Answer

Filtration → Reabsorption → Secretion

Question 7

Which of the following structures acts as a filter in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus

Question 8

A patient is found to have high levels of aldosterone. What effect would this have on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increased reabsorption of sodium and water, leading to increased blood volume

Question 9

Which of the following best explains how the stomach protects itself from its own acid secretions?

Accepted Answer

A thick layer of mucus lines the stomach wall, preventing acid from damaging the tissue

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct order for urine flow through the nephron and urinary tract?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulus → Loop of Henle → Distal convoluted tubule → Collecting duct → Ureter → Bladder → Urethra

Question 11

If blood pressure drops significantly, what would you expect to happen to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Use the following formula: $$ GFR = K_f 	imes (P_{GC} - P_{BS} - \pi_{GC}) $$ where $$ K_f  is $$the filtration coefficient, $$ P_{GC}  is $$glomerular capillary pressure, $$ P_{BS}  is $$Bowman's space pressure, and $$ \pi_{GC}  is $$glomerular oncotic pressure.

Accepted Answer

GFR would decrease due to decreased glomerular capillary pressure

Question 12

Which digestive structure increases surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Villi and microvilli

Question 13

A patient is unable to produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH). What would be the most likely effect on urine output?

Accepted Answer

Urine output would increase and become more dilute

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Produces bile to emulsify fats

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and electrolytes

Question 16

A patient is given a drug that inhibits the action of secretin. Which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why proteins are not normally found in urine?

Accepted Answer

Proteins are too large to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane

Question 18

A patient with chronic kidney disease has elevated blood potassium levels. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Decreases sodium reabsorption, leading to increased urine output

Question 20

A patient is experiencing severe diarrhea, leading to a loss of bicarbonate ions. What acid-base disturbance is most likely to occur? Use the following equation for blood pH: $$ pH = 6.1 + \log \left( \frac{[$$HCO_3$$^-]}{0.03 	imes P_{CO_2$}} ight) $$

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Digestive & Urinary Systems – Study Guide Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard