$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{ATP}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of peristalsis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

Accepted Answer

Rhythmic waves of involuntary muscle contractions that propel ingested substances along the GI tract.

Question 2

A patient has damage to the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system. Which digestive function is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Coordination of smooth muscle contractions for motility.

Question 3

Which of the following structures is retroperitoneal?

Accepted Answer

Duodenum (second and third parts)

Question 4

Which layer of the GI tract contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and the submucosal plexus?

Accepted Answer

Submucosa

Question 5

A patient presents with jaundice. Which organ is most likely dysfunctional, and what is its primary digestive function?

Accepted Answer

Liver; produces bile for fat emulsification.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

Accepted Answer

Mechanical digestion physically breaks food into smaller pieces; chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down macromolecules.

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the aerobic respiration of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Absorption of water and electrolytes.

Question 9

A patient has a deficiency in vitamin B12 absorption. Which part of the GI tract is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Ileum

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of bile salts in digestion?

Accepted Answer

Bile salts emulsify fats, increasing their surface area for lipase action.

Question 11

Which of the following hormones increases gastric acid secretion?

Accepted Answer

Gastrin

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of the internal and external anal sphincters?

Accepted Answer

The internal sphincter is involuntary, while the external sphincter is voluntary.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of segmentation in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Mixing contractions that churn chyme and enhance contact with digestive enzymes.

Question 14

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the breakdown of starch into maltose?

Accepted Answer

Amylase

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract to the liver for processing.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the difference between anabolic and catabolic processes?

Accepted Answer

Anabolic processes build complex molecules from simpler ones using energy; catabolic processes break down complex molecules to release energy.

Question 17

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 18

A patient is unable to digest fats properly due to a lack of pancreatic lipase. Which process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis of triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of coenzyme NAD in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

NAD functions as an electron carrier in redox reactions, facilitating ATP production.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Accepted Answer

$$BMI = \frac{	ext{weight (kg)}}{	ext{height (m)}^2}$$

Digestive System and Metabolism: Structured Study Guide

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