Q: Which formula is used to estimate LDL-C in a standard lipid panel?

$$LDL\text{-}C\ (mg/dL) = total\ cholesterol - HDL\text{-}C - (triglycerides/5)$$

Question 1

A 45-year-old patient presents with a total cholesterol of 250 mg/dL, LDL-C of 160 mg/dL, HDL-C of 35 mg/dL, and triglycerides of 180 mg/dL. Which of the following best describes their lipid profile according to standard laboratory ranges?

Accepted Answer

High total cholesterol, high LDL-C, low HDL-C, and borderline high triglycerides

Question 2

Why is it preferred to obtain fasting lipid concentrations when measuring a patient's lipid profile?

Accepted Answer

Because chylomicrons and IDL are cleared from the blood, allowing for accurate measurement of all lipid fractions

Question 3

Which formula is used to estimate LDL-C in a standard lipid panel?

Accepted Answer

$$LDL	ext{-}C\ (mg/dL) = total\ cholesterol - HDL	ext{-}C - (triglycerides/5)$$

Question 4

A patient with familial hypercholesterolemia (type 2a) is most likely to have which underlying defect?

Accepted Answer

Defective hepatic LDL receptor function

Question 5

Which of the following is a secondary cause of hyperlipidemia?

Accepted Answer

High carbohydrate diet

Question 6

Atherosclerosis most commonly affects which arterial distribution?

Accepted Answer

Coronary arteries

Question 7

A 60-year-old man complains of calf pain when walking that resolves with rest. On examination, his pedal pulses are weak. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral arterial disease

Question 8

Which value of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is most consistent with significant arterial occlusion?

Accepted Answer

$$ABI \u003c 0.9$$

Question 9

Which medication is the treatment of choice for preventing platelet aggregation in peripheral arterial disease?

Accepted Answer

Aspirin (ASA)

Question 10

A 70-year-old woman presents with a pulsating abdominal mass and mild abdominal pain. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Question 11

Which of the following is a major risk factor for venous thromboembolism according to Virchow’s Triad?

Accepted Answer

Stasis of blood flow

Question 12

A patient is suspected of having a deep venous thrombosis. Which laboratory test is most useful for initial screening?

Accepted Answer

D-dimer

Question 13

Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency?

Accepted Answer

Brown pigmentation of the skin due to hemosiderin deposition

Question 14

Which of the following medications acts by blocking cholesterol synthesis in the liver?

Accepted Answer

Statins

Question 15

A patient with a history of prolonged immobility after surgery is at increased risk for which vascular disorder?

Accepted Answer

Venous thromboembolism

Question 16

Which of the following is the most significant risk associated with deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary embolism

Question 17

A patient with chronic venous disease develops tissue discoloration and hardening of the skin in the lower limbs. What is the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism?

Accepted Answer

RBC breakdown and hemosiderin deposition

Question 18

Which of the following is a common location for varicose veins?

Accepted Answer

Saphenous veins of the lower extremities

Question 19

A patient with aortic dissection presents with sudden onset of intense anterior chest pain. What is the most likely location of the dissection?

Accepted Answer

Ascending aorta

Question 20

Which of the following is a recommended lifestyle modification for the treatment of hyperlipidemia?

Accepted Answer

Limiting saturated fats in the diet

Disorders of Blood Flow: Hyperlipidemia, Atherosclerosis, Arterial and Venous Disorders

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