Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles in cardiac valve function?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the atrioventricular valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Question 2

A patient presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and pulmonary crackles. Which cardiac disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Left-sided heart failure

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 4

A patient with chronic hypertension develops concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Which valvular disorder is most likely to cause this finding?

Accepted Answer

Aortic stenosis

Question 5

Which compensatory mechanism is activated in heart failure to increase sodium and water retention, thereby increasing preload?

Accepted Answer

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 6

A patient with heart failure has an ejection fraction ($$EF) of 35$$%. Which type of heart failure does this most likely represent?

Accepted Answer

Systolic heart failure (HFrEF)

Question 7

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute pericarditis?

Accepted Answer

Viral infection (e.g., coxsackievirus)

Question 8

A patient with rapid accumulation of pericardial fluid develops hypotension, jugular venous distension, and muffled heart sounds. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the Frank-Starling mechanism in the context of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload stretches ventricular muscle fibers, enhancing contractility up to a point, but excessive stretch leads to pulmonary congestion.

Question 10

Which laboratory finding is most consistent with a diagnosis of heart failure?

Accepted Answer

BNP \u003e 500 pg/mL

Question 11

A patient with mitral regurgitation is most likely to develop which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Left atrial dilation and signs of heart failure

Question 12

Which of the following is a cardinal clinical sign of cardiac tamponade?

Accepted Answer

Pulsus paradoxus

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of increased afterload on cardiac output ($$CO$$), assuming contractility and preload remain constant?

Accepted Answer

Increased afterload decreases $$CO$$

Question 14

A patient with right-sided heart failure is most likely to present with which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral edema and jugular venous distension

Question 15

Which of the following drugs is most likely to improve cardiac contractility in heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Dobutamine

Question 16

Which of the following best defines ejection fraction ($$EF$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{LVEDV}$$

Question 17

A patient with aortic regurgitation is most likely to develop which of the following over time?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular dilation due to volume overload

Question 18

Which of the following is a typical finding in acute pericarditis?

Accepted Answer

Sharp, pleuritic chest pain relieved by sitting forward

Question 19

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for the development of pulmonary edema in left-sided heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries

Question 20

Which of the following is the most likely effect of chronic mitral stenosis on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Left atrial enlargement and increased risk of atrial arrhythmias

Disorders of Cardiac Function: Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard