Q: Which equation correctly represents the pathway of a sympathetic neuron from the spinal cord to its effector?

$$\text{CNS} \xrightarrow{\text{preganglionic neuron}} \text{sympathetic ganglion} \xrightarrow{\text{postganglionic neuron}} \text{effector}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference in the number of neurons between the somatic motor system and the autonomic (visceral motor) nervous system pathways?

Accepted Answer

The somatic motor system uses one neuron from the CNS to the effector, while the autonomic system uses two neurons in series (preganglionic and postganglionic).

Question 2

Which of the following is a correct example of an effector for the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle

Question 3

A patient is experiencing rapid heart rate and dilated pupils after a car accident. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is most likely activated?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division

Question 4

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 5

Where are muscarinic receptors primarily located, and what is their general effect when activated?

Accepted Answer

On cardiac and smooth muscle, glands; they are generally excitatory or inhibitory depending on the tissue

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why somatic motor neuron signals are transmitted faster than autonomic motor neuron signals?

Accepted Answer

Somatic motor neurons are heavily myelinated and have a direct path to the effector, while autonomic neurons are lightly myelinated or unmyelinated and involve a synapse in a ganglion.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function unique to the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Accepted Answer

Stimulating digestive gland secretion

Question 8

A drug blocks nicotinic receptors. Which physiological effect would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Loss of voluntary muscle movement

Question 9

Which equation correctly represents the pathway of a sympathetic neuron from the spinal cord to its effector?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CNS} \xrightarrow{	ext{preganglionic neuron}} 	ext{sympathetic ganglion} \xrightarrow{	ext{postganglionic neuron}} 	ext{effector}$$

Question 10

Which adrenergic receptor subtype is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction in blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1 ($$\$$alpha_1$$) receptor

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of autonomic tone?

Accepted Answer

It is the constant, spontaneous activity of the autonomic nervous system that regulates organ function.

Question 12

Which cranial nerve is most associated with the parasympathetic division and innervates many thoracic and abdominal organs?

Accepted Answer

Vagus nerve (X)

Question 13

A patient is given a beta-blocker medication. Which physiological effect is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct example of an autonomic nervous system (ANS) reflex?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood pressure via baroreceptor reflex

Question 15

Which neurotransmitter is released by most postganglionic sympathetic neurons?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the location and function of nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Located on all postganglionic neurons; always excitatory

Question 17

Which pathway correctly represents the craniosacral outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{CNS} \xrightarrow{	ext{preganglionic neuron}} 	ext{parasympathetic ganglion} \xrightarrow{	ext{postganglionic neuron}} 	ext{effector}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is a reason why beta adrenergic receptors are clinically significant?

Accepted Answer

They mediate the effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine on cardiac and smooth muscle, making them targets for drugs treating hypertension and arrhythmias.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on sexual function?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates ejaculation and orgasm.

Question 20

A patient presents with dry mouth and decreased tear production after taking an anticholinergic drug. Which division of the ANS is most likely inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Parasympathetic division

Divisions and Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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