Q: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is dangerous because CO binds to hemoglobin with much greater affinity than oxygen. If the affinity of CO for heme iron is 250 times greater than that of O$$_2$$, which equation best represents the relative binding?

$$K_{CO} = 250 \times K_{O_2$}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen transportation via hemoglobin

Question 2

A patient presents with microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Iron deficiency leading to reduced hemoglobin synthesis

Question 3

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 4

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is dangerous because CO binds to hemoglobin with much greater affinity than oxygen. If the affinity of CO for heme iron is 250 times greater than that of O$$_2$$, which equation best represents the relative binding?

Accepted Answer

$$K_{CO} = 250 	imes K_{O_2$}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why recombinant EPO is banned in competitive sports?

Accepted Answer

It enhances endurance by increasing RBC production and oxygen delivery

Question 6

A patient with celiac disease is at risk for iron-deficiency anemia. Which mechanism best explains this association?

Accepted Answer

Impaired absorption of iron in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 7

Which of the following white blood cell types is most abundant in peripheral blood and acts primarily by phagocytosis and formation of extracellular traps?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 8

Which cell type is responsible for producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens and facilitate opsonization?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes

Question 9

A patient with leukemia is unable to produce healthy blood cells. Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be directly caused by this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension due to increased blood viscosity

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of transferrin in iron metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Transferrin transports iron in the blood to developing erythrocytes

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the formation of a blood clot?

Accepted Answer

Platelet plug formation → thrombin production → fibrin mesh formation

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of basophils in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Release of histamine and heparin during allergic and inflammatory reactions

Question 13

Which of the following statements about bone marrow is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Red marrow is found mainly in flat bones such as the hip and vertebrae in adults

Question 14

Which of the following cell types is most likely to increase in number during a parasitic (helminth) infection?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of monocytes after they enter tissues?

Accepted Answer

Differentiate into macrophages and perform phagocytosis of microbes and debris

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

Accepted Answer

Suppress immune responses to prevent autoimmunity

Question 17

A patient is found to have excessive tissue damage and pus formation at the site of infection. Which white blood cell type is most likely responsible for this response?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why astronauts experience low RBC counts in microgravity?

Accepted Answer

Reduced erythropoietin production due to altered kidney function

Question 19

Which of the following is the preferred site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in adults?

Accepted Answer

Hip bone (iliac crest)

P: Cardiovascular System 2

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