Q: Which equation is used to calculate the membrane potential using ion concentrations?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{out}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{in}}}$$

Question 1

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the basal metabolic rate in adults?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Laboratory tests reveal low levels of thyroid hormones. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypothyroidism

Question 3

Which of the following is a major hormone regulating calcium and phosphate metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone

Question 4

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of involuntary physiological processes

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine

Question 6

A deficiency in iodine can lead to which thyroid-related condition?

Accepted Answer

Goiter

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic NS increases heart rate; Parasympathetic NS decreases heart rate

Question 8

Which equation is used to calculate the membrane potential using ion concentrations?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{out}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{in}}}$$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

Accepted Answer

Generating action potentials

Question 10

A patient with excessive secretion of growth hormone during childhood is likely to develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Gigantism

Question 11

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Glutamate

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of spatial summation in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Simultaneous inputs from multiple synapses

Question 13

Which disorder is associated with decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures?

Accepted Answer

Osteoporosis

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of neurons that only receive sympathetic fibers?

Accepted Answer

Sweat glands

Question 15

What is the effect of increased thyroid hormone on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate

Question 16

Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Heat intolerance

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of the neuroeffector junction?

Accepted Answer

Site where neurons communicate with effector organs

Question 20

Which equation describes the relationship between membrane potential and ion permeability?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = \frac{RT}{F} \ln \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{out} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{out} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{in}}{P_{K^+}[K^+]_{in} + P_{Na^+}[Na^+]_{in} + P_{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}}$$

Endocrine and Nervous System: Growth, Metabolism, and Neural Control

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