Question 1

Which of the following best describes a paracrine signal in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

A signal produced by one cell that acts on neighboring cells within the same tissue.

Question 2

During the long-term stress response, which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 3

A patient with low blood calcium is found to have underactive parathyroid glands. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct statement about steroid hormones?

Accepted Answer

They are lipid-soluble and bind to intracellular (nuclear) receptors to influence gene transcription.

Question 5

A researcher adds a hormone to a cell culture and observes increased levels of cAMP inside the cells. Which type of hormone and mechanism is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormone binding to a cell membrane receptor and activating a second messenger system

Question 6

Which of the following best explains how hormones can alter the behavior of their target cells?

Accepted Answer

By changing membrane permeability, activating or deactivating enzymes, and stimulating protein synthesis

Question 7

A patient is experiencing excessive urination and dehydration. Laboratory tests reveal a deficiency in a hormone stored and released by the posterior pituitary. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes (RBCs) in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Delivering oxygen via hemoglobin

Question 9

A patient with type O negative blood receives a transfusion of type AB positive blood. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A dangerous immune reaction due to both ABO and Rh incompatibility.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 11

A newborn is found to have a patent ductus arteriosus. What is the physiological consequence if this structure fails to close after birth?

Accepted Answer

Blood will bypass the lungs, reducing oxygenation.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

It is initiated by exposed collagen within the blood and is slower than the extrinsic pathway.

Question 13

A patient with polycythemia is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Thicker blood, increasing the risk of clot formation

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the role of the hypophyseal portal system?

Accepted Answer

It allows hypothalamic hormones to reach the anterior pituitary rapidly and in concentrated form.

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol released during the long-term stress response?

Accepted Answer

Suppresses the immune system and increases blood glucose

Question 16

A patient with a mutation in the gene encoding for membrane-bound hormone receptors is most likely to have impaired response to which type of hormone?

Accepted Answer

Peptide (protein) hormones

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the SA node in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the main pacemaker, generating rhythmic impulses to initiate heartbeats.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the Frank-Starling mechanism in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

Increased end-diastolic volume (EDV) leads to increased stroke volume (SV) and thus higher cardiac output (CO).

Question 19

A patient with metabolic acidosis is compensating by increasing their respiratory rate. Which physiological principle is being applied?

Accepted Answer

Respiratory control is increasing CO$$_2$$ exhalation to raise blood pH.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the HPA axis during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases CRH → Anterior pituitary releases ACTH → Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Endocrine, Blood, and Cardiovascular Physiology: Study Notes

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard