Question 1

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones can directly influence gene expression in target cells, while amino acid-based hormones generally cannot?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors, which then act as transcription factors.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of muscle weakness, low blood pressure, and hyperpigmentation. Laboratory tests reveal low cortisol levels. Which endocrine disorder is most likely, and what is the underlying hormonal cause?

Accepted Answer

Addison's disease due to hyposecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

Question 3

Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels and stimulates red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the sequence of layers in the wall of the alimentary canal from the lumen outward?

Accepted Answer

Mucosa → Submucosa → Muscularis externa → Serosa

Question 5

Which of the following is a function of the low pH in the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Activating pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion

Question 6

A meal high in triglycerides is consumed. Which process and enzyme are primarily responsible for the chemical digestion of these lipids in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Lipolysis by pancreatic lipase

Question 7

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor for its absorption in the small intestine, and what could result from its deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12; pernicious anemia

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the fate of glucose during glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the majority of ATP production during cellular respiration, and where does it occur?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 10

A patient with chronic elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) would most likely experience which of the following effects on bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Increased bone resorption due to enhanced osteoclast activity

Question 11

Which of the following best distinguishes catabolism from anabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism involves hydrolysis reactions that break down molecules and release energy, while anabolism involves dehydration synthesis to build molecules.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a digestive enzyme with its substrate?

Accepted Answer

Pepsin – proteins

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of LDL in cholesterol transport?

Accepted Answer

LDL delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membrane synthesis and steroid hormone production.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why only certain cells respond to a particular hormone?

Accepted Answer

Only cells with the specific receptor for that hormone can respond to it.

Question 15

Which of the following is a major function of bacteria in the large intestine?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of certain vitamins such as vitamin K and some B vitamins

Question 16

Which process describes the conversion of amino acids into glucose, and in which organ does this primarily occur?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the fate of fatty acids and monoglycerides after absorption by enterocytes in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

They are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymphatic system before reaching the bloodstream.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between oxidation and reduction in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, while reduction is the gain of electrons.

Question 19

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 20

Which of the following correctly lists the major stages of cellular respiration in the order they occur?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis → Citric acid (Krebs) cycle → Electron transport chain → Oxidative phosphorylation

Endocrine, Digestive, and Metabolism Study Guide

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard