Question 1

A patient presents with low blood calcium levels. Which gland is primarily responsible for correcting this imbalance, and what is the main mechanism by which it acts?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid gland; releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate osteoclasts

Question 2

Which hormone is released from the adrenal medulla in response to acute stress, and what is its primary effect on the body?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood glucose levels

Question 3

A person is experiencing dehydration and low blood pressure. Which hormone is likely to be released from the posterior pituitary, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 4

Which hormone is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake

Question 5

A patient with hyperthyroidism is found to have excessive hormone production from thyroid follicles. Which hormone is elevated, and what is a likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); increased metabolic rate

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to low thyroid hormone levels, and what is its target?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); targets the thyroid gland

Question 7

If a person has a tumor destroying the alpha cells of the pancreas, which physiological effect would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood glucose due to lack of glucagon

Question 8

Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; increases blood glucose and suppresses the immune system

Question 9

A patient is given a drug that blocks the action of osteoclasts. What effect would this have on blood calcium levels, and which hormone's action would be inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Blood calcium would decrease; parathyroid hormone (PTH) action inhibited

Question 10

Which hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and what is its effect on bone?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; inhibits osteoclast activity, decreasing blood calcium

Question 11

A patient with Addison's disease has low levels of aldosterone. Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Hyponatremia due to decreased sodium reabsorption

Question 12

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is crucial during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin; stimulates uterine contractions

Question 13

A person with a tumor in the anterior pituitary that overproduces growth hormone (GH) after puberty will most likely develop which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acromegaly

Question 14

Which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 15

A patient is found to have high blood glucose levels after fasting. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and from which cells is it normally secreted?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; beta cells of the pancreas

Question 16

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, and what is its target?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); adrenal cortex

Question 17

A patient with a thyroid tumor that destroys parafollicular cells would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood calcium due to decreased calcitonin

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the alpha cells of the pancreas, and what is its effect during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis

Question 19

A patient with a pituitary disorder cannot produce ADH. What is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Excessive urination and dehydration

Question 20

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex and is involved in the long-term stress response?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol

Endocrine Glands and Hormone Functions: Stimuli, Sources, and Actions

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