Question 1

A patient presents with symptoms of low blood calcium. Which gland is primarily responsible for correcting this imbalance, and what is the mechanism by which it acts?

Accepted Answer

The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH), which stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, increasing blood calcium.

Question 2

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress, and what is its primary effect on the body?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and mobilizes energy stores.

Question 3

A person with hyperthyroidism is likely to have elevated levels of which hormone, and which gland produces it?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4), produced by the thyroid follicles.

Question 4

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary in response to hypothalamic stimulation, and what is its effect on the adrenal cortex?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Question 5

If blood glucose levels rise after a meal, which pancreatic cell type responds, and what hormone is released?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; release insulin.

Question 6

A patient with Addison's disease has impaired function of which gland, and which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex; cortisol.

Question 7

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid parafollicular cells, and what is its effect on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin; decreases blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Question 8

Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 9

A patient is experiencing hypoglycemia. Which hormone is released to correct this, and from which cell type?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; released from pancreatic alpha cells.

Question 10

Which hormone is released in response to dehydration, and what is its effect on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption.

Question 11

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have elevated levels of growth hormone (GH). Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased bone and muscle growth.

Question 12

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to low blood sodium, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 13

Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland, and what is the result?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); increases thyroxine (T4) production.

Question 14

Which hormone is produced by the pancreatic beta cells, and what is its effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Insulin; decreases blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake.

Question 15

A patient with Graves' disease has an overactive thyroid gland. Which hormone is elevated, and what is a likely symptom?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); increased metabolic rate.

Question 16

Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH, and what is its effect on metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol; increases gluconeogenesis and mobilizes energy stores.

Question 17

Which hormone is released by the thyroid follicles, and what is its effect on the body?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4); increases metabolic rate.

Question 18

A patient with a deficiency in parathyroid hormone (PTH) would likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood calcium levels due to reduced bone resorption.

Question 19

Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla during a 'fight or flight' response, and what is its effect on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 20

A patient with diabetes mellitus has impaired function of which pancreatic cell type, and what is the consequence?

Accepted Answer

Beta cells; decreased insulin production leads to elevated blood glucose.

Endocrine Glands and Hormone Regulation

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