Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which steroid hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on genes by activating or inhibiting transcription.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of dehydration and high plasma osmolarity. Which hormone is most likely to be secreted in response, and what is its primary action?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is NOT synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin (OT)

Question 4

A child is diagnosed with gigantism. Which hormone is most likely being secreted in excess, and from which gland?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone from the anterior pituitary

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete their products by way of a duct onto an epithelial surface, while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Question 6

A patient with low blood calcium levels is found to have increased secretion of a hormone that stimulates osteoclast activity. Which hormone is responsible for this effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback control in hormonal secretion?

Accepted Answer

Surge of oxytocin during labor and delivery

Question 8

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and promotes growth, especially during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 9

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is unable to produce sufficient insulin. Which of the following equations best represents the effect of insulin deficiency on blood glucose concentration ($$[G]$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$[G]_{final} = [G]_{initial} + \Delta G_{no\ insulin}$$

Question 10

Which of the following hormones is classified as a catecholamine and is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 11

A woman is unable to lactate after giving birth. Which hormone deficiency is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Prolactin

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the thyroid gland?

Accepted Answer

Just below the larynx, at the base of the throat, with two lateral lobes

Question 13

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for regulating sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 14

A patient with hypersecretion of thyroid hormone is likely to experience which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate and weight loss

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It acts as the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems, controlling pituitary hormone release.

Question 16

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 17

Which of the following is a peptide hormone synthesized as a chain of 3 to 200 or more amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 18

A patient with Addison's disease has a deficiency of hormones produced by which part of the adrenal gland?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal cortex

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the negative feedback control of thyroid hormone ($$T_3$$ and $$T_4) $$secretion in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

Accepted Answer

$$TSH \uparrow \Rightarrow T_3$, T_4$ \uparrow \Rightarrow TSH \downarrow$$

Question 20

Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in the endocrine system as a result of aging?

Accepted Answer

Decreased hormone secretion and increased risk of endocrine disorders

Endocrine System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Hormonal Regulation

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