Question 1

Which hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high blood glucose levels. Which endocrine gland and hormone are most likely involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas; insulin

Question 3

On a blood smear slide, which cell type is responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria and is the most abundant leukocyte?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 4

Which structure in the ovary contains the oocyte and is surrounded by granulosa and thecal cells?

Accepted Answer

Graafian follicle

Question 5

A blood sample is centrifuged, and the length of the red blood cell column is 45 mm, while the total length of the blood column is 100 mm. Calculate the hematocrit using the formula $$	ext{Hematocrit} = \left( \frac{	ext{Length of RBC column in mm}}{	ext{Length of entire column in mm}} ight) 	imes 100.$$

Accepted Answer

$$45\%$$

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormones?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 7

A patient with sickle-cell anemia will have which of the following findings on a blood smear?

Accepted Answer

Abnormally shaped red blood cells

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Initiate blood clotting

Question 9

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 10

A blood smear reveals the presence of Trypanosoma parasites. What disease does this indicate, and what is a key symptom?

Accepted Answer

African sleeping sickness; neurological symptoms

Question 11

Which cell type in the thyroid gland is responsible for producing thyroid hormones, and what is the name of the stored precursor in the follicles?

Accepted Answer

Follicle cells; colloid

Question 12

A patient’s blood type is determined using agglutination reactions. If agglutination occurs with anti-A and anti-B sera but not with anti-D, what is the blood type?

Accepted Answer

AB negative

Question 13

Which hormone is produced by Leydig (interstitial) cells in the testes, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone; development of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of eosinophils in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Defense against parasitic infections

Question 15

Which hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland and what is its effect on blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with leukemia. Which blood cells are most likely to be abnormally increased in number?

Accepted Answer

White blood cells (leukocytes)

Question 17

Which region of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids, and what is the main glucocorticoid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Zona fasciculata; cortisol

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and is involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of lymphocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Produce antibodies for immune response

Question 20

A patient has a deficiency in insulin production. Which organ is affected, and what is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Pancreas; diabetes mellitus

Endocrine System and Blood: Structure, Function, and Laboratory Identification

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