Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their products into ducts that lead to external or internal surfaces.

Question 2

A hormone can only act on specific target cells because:

Accepted Answer

Target cells possess specific receptors for that hormone, allowing binding and cellular response.

Question 3

Which of the following is a possible cellular response to a hormone binding its receptor?

Accepted Answer

Activation of gene transcription leading to protein synthesis.

Question 4

Which statement correctly compares the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?

Accepted Answer

The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, while the adrenal medulla produces catecholamines.

Question 5

Which of the following is a catecholamine, and what is one of its actions?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine; increases heart rate during the fight-or-flight response.

Question 6

What is the primary function of cortisol?

Accepted Answer

To increase blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis.

Question 7

Aldosterone primarily acts to:

Accepted Answer

Increase sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention.

Question 8

Which formula best represents the negative feedback mechanism in the HPO axis?

Accepted Answer

If $$[hormone]$$ increases, then $$[releasing\ factor]$$ decreases: $$\Delta [hormone] \uparrow \Rightarrow \Delta [releasing\ factor] \downarrow$$

Question 9

Which hormone is released by the parathyroid gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity.

Question 10

A patient with hyperthyroidism is likely to have elevated levels of which hormones, and what is a typical effect?

Accepted Answer

T3 and T4; increased metabolic rate.

Question 11

Which equation best describes the relationship between insulin and blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose: $$\Delta [insulin] \uparrow \Rightarrow \Delta [glucose] \downarrow$$

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the pituitary gland?

Accepted Answer

It is located at the base of the brain, within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Question 14

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to CRH from the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Question 16

Which formula best represents the feedback loop for oxytocin during childbirth?

Accepted Answer

Positive feedback: $$\Delta [oxytocin] \uparrow \Rightarrow \Delta [uterine\ contractions] \uparrow \Rightarrow \Delta [oxytocin] \uparrow$$

Question 17

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to GHRH from the hypothalamus, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (hGH); stimulates growth and cell division.

Question 18

Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary in response to TRH from the hypothalamus, and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); stimulates the thyroid gland to release T3 and T4.

Endocrine System and Neuroendocrine Axes: Study Guide

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