Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?

Accepted Answer

Promotes spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

Question 2

Based on hormone composition, which type of hormone typically exerts its effects by binding to receptors on the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones

Question 3

Which of the following best defines gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Question 4

Why do steroid hormones diffuse easily into target cells?

Accepted Answer

They are lipophilic and can cross the lipid bilayer

Question 5

Which of the following is a correct pathway for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

Hypothalamus releases CRH → Pituitary releases ACTH → Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Question 6

Which hormone is primarily responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 7

A patient presents with excessive urination and thirst. Laboratory results show high blood glucose. Which hormone is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Insulin

Question 8

Which of the following is a second messenger commonly used in hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ($$cAMP)$$

Question 9

Which equation represents the activation of a G protein by a hormone receptor?

Accepted Answer

$$G_{protein} + GDP \rightarrow G_{protein} + GTP$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Accepted Answer

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion

Question 11

A patient with low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Hypocalcemia

Question 12

Which hormone is released in response to high blood osmolarity and acts on the kidneys to conserve water?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 13

Which of the following is a major target organ of thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

All body cells (systemic effect)

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of $$cAMP in $$hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a second messenger activating protein kinases

Question 17

Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth in most tissues?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of down-regulation of a receptor?

Accepted Answer

Decrease in receptor number in response to high hormone levels

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the collecting ducts of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Increases water permeability

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct equation for the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Angiotensinogen} + 	ext{Renin} ightarrow 	ext{Angiotensin I}$$

Endocrine System: Hormones, Mechanisms, and Physiology Study Notes

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