Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference in how the endocrine and nervous systems communicate with target cells?

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system secretes hormones into the blood, affecting distant target cells over seconds to days.

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of dehydration and excessive thirst. Laboratory tests reveal a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetes insipidus

Question 3

Which hormone is secreted in response to a drop in blood calcium ion concentration below $$8.5\ \mathrm{mg/dL}$$, and what is its primary effect?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the negative feedback regulation of thyroid hormone production?

Accepted Answer

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH from anterior pituitary, which stimulates T$$_3$$ and T$$_4$$ release from thyroid

Question 5

A patient with Graves' disease is likely to present with which of the following symptoms due to excessive thyroid hormone?

Accepted Answer

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and tachycardia

Question 6

Which hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone; regulates sodium and potassium ion concentrations

Question 7

A patient is prescribed long-term corticosteroid therapy. What is a potential risk if the medication is abruptly discontinued?

Accepted Answer

Adrenal crisis due to suppressed HPA axis and insufficient cortisol production

Question 8

Which of the following best explains the synergistic effect of ADH, aldosterone, and angiotensin II on blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

They work together to raise blood volume and blood pressure more than any one alone

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells and what is its effect on blood glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon; raises blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 10

A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is likely to experience which of the following complications if untreated?

Accepted Answer

Ketoacidosis due to rapid ketone body formation

Question 11

Which of the following hormones is produced by the heart in response to increased blood volume and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); increases sodium and water excretion, lowering blood pressure

Question 12

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct effect of cortisol during the stress response?

Accepted Answer

Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver, increasing blood glucose

Question 14

A patient with Addison's disease is likely to have which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Bronzing of the skin and susceptibility to adrenal crisis

Question 15

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and what is its main effect on the hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Leptin; induces satiety and suppresses appetite

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for water-soluble (hydrophilic) hormones?

Accepted Answer

They bind to plasma membrane receptors and activate second messenger systems such as $$cAMP.$$

Question 17

Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen and what is its effect?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin (EPO); stimulates red blood cell production

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy

Question 19

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and sperm production?

Accepted Answer

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Regulation (Chapter 16 Study Notes)

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard