$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary; cardiac muscle is striated and involuntary; smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.

Question 2

During neuromuscular signaling, which sequence correctly traces the events from nerve impulse to muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Motor neuron → acetylcholine release → muscle action potential → Ca²⁺ release → actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling

Question 3

Which equation best represents the ATP hydrolysis reaction that powers muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 4

A runner develops compartment syndrome in the lower leg. Which tissue is primarily affected, and why is increased pressure dangerous?

Accepted Answer

Muscle tissue; increased pressure restricts blood flow, leading to tissue damage.

Question 5

Which statement about muscle fiber recruitment and stimulation frequency is correct?

Accepted Answer

Recruitment increases force by activating more motor units, while higher stimulation frequency can lead to tetanus.

Question 6

Which muscle arrangement allows for the greatest range of motion but less force production?

Accepted Answer

Parallel fascicle arrangement

Question 7

During elbow flexion, which muscle acts as the agonist, and which as the antagonist?

Accepted Answer

Biceps brachii is the agonist; triceps brachii is the antagonist.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle relaxation?

Accepted Answer

ATP binds to myosin, causing it to detach from actin, and powers Ca²⁺ reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 9

Which pathway provides the fastest source of ATP during the first few seconds of intense muscle activity?

Accepted Answer

Creatine phosphate system

Question 10

Which of the following correctly traces the path of a sensory signal from the periphery to the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Sensory receptor → dorsal root ganglion → dorsal root → spinal cord

Question 11

Which glial cell is responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocyte

Question 12

A patient suffers a spinal cord injury at the cervical level. Which of the following deficits is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Loss of motor and sensory function in both the upper and lower limbs

Question 13

Which spinal tract is primarily responsible for transmitting voluntary motor commands from the brain to the body?

Accepted Answer

Corticospinal tract

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the five components of a reflex arc in the correct order?

Accepted Answer

Receptor → sensory neuron → integration center → motor neuron → effector

Question 15

Which reflex is monosynaptic and helps maintain posture by causing muscle contraction in response to stretching?

Accepted Answer

Stretch (patellar) reflex

Question 16

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Question 17

Which of the following best describes reciprocal inhibition during a withdrawal reflex?

Accepted Answer

The antagonist muscle is inhibited while the agonist contracts, allowing rapid withdrawal.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining the blood-brain barrier and regulating the extracellular environment

Question 19

Which meningeal layer is closest to the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Pia mater

Question 20

A person touches a hot stove and immediately withdraws their hand. Which type of reflex is this, and what is the primary purpose?

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal reflex; to protect the body from injury

Exam 03 Study Guide: Muscle Tissue, Skeletal Muscles, Nervous System, Spinal Cord, and Reflexes

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