Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) in the human body?

Accepted Answer

To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and remove carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs

Question 2

A patient has type AB blood. Which antigens and antibodies are present in their plasma?

Accepted Answer

A and B antigens on RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most abundant in human blood and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Albumin; maintains osmotic pressure and fluid balance

Question 4

A person with blood type O negative receives a transfusion of type A positive blood. What is the most likely immunological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis due to anti-A antibodies attacking A antigens

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow $$HCO_3^- + H$$^+$$

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater force to overcome systemic resistance

Question 7

During the cardiac cycle, which phase is primarily responsible for the influx of sodium ions into cardiac cells?

Accepted Answer

Depolarization

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Carrying oxygen to tissues

Question 9

A patient presents with anemia and a reduced hematocrit. Which of the following best explains the physiological consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the pathway of blood through the heart, starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body

Question 11

Which of the following white blood cell types is most numerous in human blood and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a protective sac surrounding the heart and prevents friction during heartbeats

Question 13

Which of the following correctly matches the heart valve with its function?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary semilunar valve: prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle

Question 14

Which neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the composition of whole blood?

Accepted Answer

55% plasma and 45% formed elements

Question 16

Which of the following cells in the bone marrow are responsible for the production of platelets?

Accepted Answer

Megakaryocytes

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the effect of norepinephrine (NE) on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

NE increases heart rate by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct definition of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

A protein produced by specialized white blood cells that binds to specific antigens and neutralizes them

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the tricuspid valve?

Accepted Answer

Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

Question 20

A patient has a deficiency in albumin. Which of the following symptoms would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Edema due to decreased osmotic pressure in blood vessels

Exam 1 Review: Blood and Heart – Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

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