Q: Which equation represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E) $$for an ion with charge $$z$$ and concentrations $$[C]_\text{out}$$ and $$[C]_\text{in}$$?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[C]_\text{out}}{[C]_\text{in}} \right)$$

Question 1

How many net ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during anaerobic metabolism in human cells?

Accepted Answer

2 ATP

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the difference between a lipophilic and a lipophobic signal molecule?

Accepted Answer

Lipophilic molecules can cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, while lipophobic molecules bind to membrane-bound receptors.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmolarity ($$O) $$for a solution containing $$n$$ moles of solute in $$V$$ liters of solution?

Accepted Answer

$$O = \frac{n}{V}$$

Question 4

A patient receives an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will shrink due to water leaving the cells.

Question 5

Which process is best described by the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy?

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Transporting amino acids to the ribosome

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of a receptor in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

It binds to specific ligands and initiates a cellular response.

Question 8

Which equation represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential ($$E) $$for an ion with charge $$z$$ and concentrations $$[C]_	ext{out}$$ and $$[C]_	ext{in}$$?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[C]_	ext{out}}{[C]_	ext{in}} ight)$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a property of facilitated diffusion that distinguishes it from simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It requires membrane proteins to transport molecules across the membrane.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions to proceed.

Question 11

A cell is placed in a solution and swells until it bursts. What type of solution was the cell placed in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?

Accepted Answer

It moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary releases hormones produced by itself, while the posterior pituitary releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of a second messenger in signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

It relays and amplifies the signal from the receptor to target molecules inside the cell.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a long loop negative feedback system in the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

A hormone released by a peripheral endocrine gland inhibits hormone release from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct definition of a hormone?

Accepted Answer

A chemical messenger secreted by cells into the blood that acts on distant target cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is a consequence of upregulation of receptors on a cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell becomes more sensitive to its ligand.

Question 18

Which of the following is a property of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

It involves the engulfment of large particles or cells by the cell membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between primary and secondary endocrine pathologies?

Accepted Answer

Primary pathologies originate in the final endocrine gland, while secondary pathologies originate in the pituitary or hypothalamus.

Exam Review: Cellular Transport, Communication, and Endocrine System

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