Question 1

Which tissue type contains the highest percentage of water in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle tissue

Question 2

A 70 kg adult male is approximately 60% water by mass. Calculate the total body water in liters for this individual. (Assume 1 kg = 1 L for water)

Accepted Answer

$$70 	imes 0.60 = 42 L$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about fluid compartments is correct?

Accepted Answer

Plasma is the extracellular fluid within blood vessels.

Question 4

If a patient loses a significant amount of isotonic fluid due to severe diarrhea, what is the expected effect on plasma osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Plasma osmolarity will remain constant.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the movement of water when plasma becomes hypertonic?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from cells into plasma.

Question 6

A patient with diabetes insipidus produces over 20 L of urine daily. Which hormone is most likely deficient or not functioning properly?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

Which electrolyte is the most important in determining blood plasma osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 8

A patient presents with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory results show a plasma potassium level of 2.8 mEq/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Hypokalemia

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water?

Accepted Answer

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$ \rightarrow H_2CO_3$$

Question 10

Which buffer system is most important in the extracellular fluid, particularly in blood?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 11

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis. Which compensatory response is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate

Question 12

Which of the following is a fixed acid produced from metabolic processes and eliminated by the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Lactic acid

Question 13

If a patient has a blood pH of 7.30, what is the clinical term for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in electrolyte balance?

Accepted Answer

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys

Question 15

Which of the following conditions is most likely to result from excessive antacid ingestion?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 16

A patient with chronic vomiting is at risk for which acid-base disturbance?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 17

Which of the following is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ($$K^+)$$

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why infants are more susceptible to respiratory acidosis?

Accepted Answer

They have smaller lungs and lower residual volume.

Question 19

Which of the following is a consequence of hypotonic hydration?

Accepted Answer

Swelling of body cells

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the effect of hypernatremia on cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells shrink due to water efflux.

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Body Fluid Compartments and Regulation

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