Question 1

Which organ is primarily responsible for regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Kidney

Question 2

A patient presents with metabolic acidosis. Which chemical reaction best describes the buffer system that helps compensate for this disturbance?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow $$HCO_3$$^- + H^+}$$

Question 3

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by stimulating aquaporin insertion into the apical membrane?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 4

If a person ingests a large amount of NaCl, which sequence of physiological responses is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Increase in vasopressin release, increased thirst, water conservation

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of aldosterone on the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 6

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops hyperkalemia. What is the most dangerous potential consequence?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac arrhythmias

Question 7

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for creating the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla, allowing for concentrated urine formation?

Accepted Answer

Countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle

Question 8

A patient is experiencing excessive vomiting. Which acid-base disturbance is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

Decreases blood volume by increasing GFR and decreasing sodium reabsorption

Question 10

During respiratory acidosis, which compensatory mechanism is most likely to be activated?

Accepted Answer

Kidneys increase secretion of $$\mathrm{H^+}$$ and reabsorption of $$\mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 11

Which equation represents the relationship between water gain and loss in the body under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Intake + Metabolic\ Production = Output}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a route for water loss from the body?

Accepted Answer

Active transport in the loop of Henle

Question 13

A patient with diabetes develops ketoacidosis. Which buffer system is most important in moderating the resulting decrease in plasma pH?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate buffer system

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of hypoventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Increases $$\mathrm{CO_2$}$$, decreases pH

Question 15

Which cells in the nephron are targeted by aldosterone to regulate sodium and potassium balance?

Accepted Answer

Principal cells (P cells) in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex

Question 17

A patient is given an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Which step in the renin-angiotensin pathway is directly inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 18

Which of the following conditions is most likely to result from hypokalemia?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness and failure of respiratory muscles

Question 19

Which of the following is a behavioral mechanism that helps maintain salt and water balance?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the thirst center in the hypothalamus

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the vasa recta in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Removes water from the medullary interstitium, maintaining the osmotic gradient

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis: An Integrated Approach (Chapter 20 Study Notes)

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