Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and blood

Question 2

During inspiration, which pressure change occurs in the thoracic cavity to allow air to flow into the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents Boyle's Law as it applies to pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

$$P_1$$ $$V_1$$ = $$P_2$$ $$V_2$$

Question 4

A patient with emphysema has decreased alveolar surface area. Which effect would this most likely have on gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Decreased rate of carbon dioxide diffusion out of the blood

Question 5

Which structure is responsible for preventing food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron?

Accepted Answer

It creates a concentration gradient in the medulla to facilitate water reabsorption

Question 7

Which equation represents the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration in the body?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[H^+]$$

Question 8

A patient presents with metabolic acidosis. Which compensatory response would you expect from the respiratory system?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory rate to expel CO$$_2$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a major function of the kidney in maintaining homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Question 10

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 11

Which of the following best describes osmotic pressure in the context of fluid movement between compartments?

Accepted Answer

Pressure exerted by proteins in the plasma to draw water into the capillaries

Question 12

Which of the following ions is most abundant in the extracellular fluid and plays a key role in fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

Sodium ($$Na^+)$$

Question 13

A patient with chronic kidney disease is unable to excrete sufficient hydrogen ions. What acid-base imbalance is most likely to develop?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 14

Which process in the nephron is responsible for moving substances from the blood into the filtrate?

Accepted Answer

Filtration

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in regulating blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

It increases sodium and water reabsorption to raise blood pressure

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct comparison between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments?

Accepted Answer

Extracellular fluid contains more sodium and less potassium than intracellular fluid

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the effect of increased alveolar surface tension on pulmonary ventilation?

Accepted Answer

It decreases lung compliance, making breathing more difficult

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) in the kidney?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure

Question 19

A patient is experiencing dehydration. Which hormone would be released to conserve water in the body?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of external respiration?

Accepted Answer

Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance: Respiratory and Urinary Systems Study Guide

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