Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of a buffer in maintaining homeostasis in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Buffers prevent drastic changes in pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 2

A student is exposed to a sudden loud noise. Which sequence correctly describes the steps of the generic reflex pathway, including the negative feedback loop?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus → Sensor → Integrating Center → Effector → Response → Negative Feedback

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a buffer system discussed in class that helps regulate blood pH?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system

Question 4

In a transporting epithelial cell, which membrane faces the lumen?

Accepted Answer

Apical membrane

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) in a cell?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports $$3$$ sodium ions out and $$2$$ potassium ions into the cell, maintaining electrochemical gradients.

Question 6

What type of protein is the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

Transmembrane protein

Question 7

Where is the sodium-potassium pump ($$\mathrm{Na^+/K^+}$$ ATPase) primarily located in transporting epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

On the basolateral membrane facing the interstitial fluid

Question 8

A patient has a genetic defect in the sodium-potassium pump. Which of the following symptoms would most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Muscle weakness due to disrupted ion gradients

Question 9

Which equation best represents the action of the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

$$3\ \mathrm{Na^+_{in}} + 2\ \mathrm{K^+_{out}} + \mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow 3\ \mathrm{Na^+_{out}} + 2\ \mathrm{K^+_{in}} + \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i}$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains how the negative feedback loop operates in a generic reflex pathway?

Accepted Answer

It reverses the response to return the system to its set point.

Question 11

If the bicarbonate buffer system is overwhelmed, what is the most likely consequence for blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Blood pH will decrease, leading to acidosis.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a component of a transporting epithelial cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 13

A researcher blocks the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron. What immediate effect would this have on the cell's membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

The membrane potential would become less negative (depolarize).

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the direction of sodium and potassium movement by the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

Sodium moves out of the cell; potassium moves in.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct label for the extracellular fluid (ECF) in a diagram of a transporting epithelial cell?

Accepted Answer

The fluid outside the cell, adjacent to the basolateral membrane

Question 16

Which process is most directly responsible for the energy required by the sodium-potassium pump?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis of ATP

Question 17

A patient with chronic kidney disease has reduced bicarbonate levels. What effect does this have on their acid-base balance?

Accepted Answer

It decreases their ability to buffer acids, increasing risk of acidosis.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence for labeling a transporting epithelial cell from the lumen to the ECF?

Accepted Answer

Lumen → Apical membrane → Cell interior → Basolateral membrane → ECF

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why buffers are essential in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They maintain a stable pH, which is critical for enzyme activity and cellular processes.

Fundamental Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology: Reflex Pathways, Buffers, Epithelial Cells, and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

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