$$ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + \text{energy} $$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the principle of 'like dissolves like' in chemistry?

Accepted Answer

Substances with similar polarity tend to dissolve in each other, such as polar solutes in polar solvents.

Question 2

A patient is given a medication that is a weak base. In which type of body fluid would you expect this medication to be most soluble?

Accepted Answer

In a fluid with a low pH, such as gastric juice.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction that occurs in the human body and is essential for cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\ \mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\ \mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy} $$

Question 4

A solution contains $$0.1$$ moles of solute dissolved in $$1$$ liter of water. What is the molarity of the solution?

Accepted Answer

$$0.1\ \mathrm{M}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer?

Accepted Answer

The hydrophilic heads face outward toward water, while hydrophobic tails face inward, creating a selective barrier.

Question 6

A patient with a genetic disorder cannot properly form collagen, a structural protein. Which level of protein structure is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Quaternary structure

Question 7

Which of the following statements about enzymes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

Question 8

A person is exposed to carbon monoxide, which binds to hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen. What is the physiological consequence of this binding?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen transport, leading to hypoxia.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in blood?

Accepted Answer

Buffers minimize changes in blood pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

Question 10

A solution has a pH of 3. How does its hydrogen ion concentration compare to a solution with a pH of 6?

Accepted Answer

It is 1000 times higher.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about the structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

The primary structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids.

Question 12

A patient is found to have a high concentration of sodium ions in their blood. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased water retention, leading to higher blood pressure.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why oil does not mix with water?

Accepted Answer

Oil is nonpolar and water is polar, so they do not interact favorably.

Question 14

A person is suffering from acidosis. Which of the following would help restore normal blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Increasing the concentration of bicarbonate ions to buffer excess hydrogen ions.

Question 15

Which of the following equations represents the dissociation of a strong acid in water?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{HCl} \rightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{Cl^-} $$

Question 16

A person is dehydrated and receives an intravenous solution of $$0.9\%$$ NaCl. Why is this solution used instead of pure water?

Accepted Answer

The $$0.9\%$$ NaCl solution is isotonic, preventing cell lysis or shrinkage.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of ATP in the human body?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing a phosphate group.

Question 18

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to low calcium levels. Which physiological process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Muscle contraction

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between acids, bases, and pH?

Accepted Answer

Acids donate hydrogen ions, lowering the pH.

Question 20

A person is exposed to a toxin that denatures proteins. Which level(s) of protein structure are most likely disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Fundamentals of Chemical Bonds and Biological Molecules in Anatomy & Physiology

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