Q: Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating membrane potential for a single ion?

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[\text{ion}]_{\text{outside}}}{[\text{ion}]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions ($$Ca^{2+}) $$necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle fatigue after prolonged exercise. Which physiological process is most directly responsible for the initial phase of muscle fatigue?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of lactic acid due to anaerobic metabolism.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the Nernst equation for calculating membrane potential for a single ion?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{outside}}}{[	ext{ion}]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE regarding graded potentials and action potentials in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials can summate, while action potentials cannot.

Question 5

During the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, which two proteins interact to produce force?

Accepted Answer

Actin and myosin

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Question 7

A patient with myasthenia gravis has antibodies against acetylcholine receptors. Which effect would you expect at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

Reduced muscle contraction due to impaired acetylcholine binding.

Question 8

Which of the following best distinguishes between electrical and chemical synapses?

Accepted Answer

Electrical synapses use gap junctions for direct ion flow; chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit signals.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of heart rate and digestion

Question 10

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by non-striated, spindle-shaped cells and involuntary control?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle

Question 11

Which of the following events occurs FIRST during excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron

Question 12

Which statement best describes the difference between a nucleus and a ganglion in the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A nucleus is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; a ganglion is a cluster in the PNS.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains the effect of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Increases mitochondrial density and capillary supply to muscle fibers.

Question 14

Which ion channel type is primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization phase of the action potential in neurons?

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated sodium ($$Na^+) $$channels

Question 15

Which of the following is a major function of skeletal muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Generating heat through shivering

Question 16

A patient is unable to produce strong muscle contractions after repeated stimulation. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Excitation-contraction coupling

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of resistance exercise on skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Increases the size (hypertrophy) of muscle fibers

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the structure of a chemical synapse?

Accepted Answer

It contains a synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters are released.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between unitary and multi-unit smooth muscle?

Accepted Answer

Unitary smooth muscle cells are connected by gap junctions and contract as a single unit; multi-unit smooth muscle cells contract independently.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the cross bridge cycle during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Attachment, power stroke, detachment, reactivation

Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Muscle Tissue: Study Guide

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