$$\text{Parent DNA} \rightarrow \text{2 Daughter DNA (each: 1 old + 1 new strand)}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

A double helix with sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars

Question 2

Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine and Guanine

Question 3

What is the role of complementary base pairing in DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It enables the cell to reproduce one strand based on the information in the other

Question 4

Which of the following is true regarding the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

There are 64 possible codons, but only 20 amino acids

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 6

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It carries a mirror-image copy of the gene from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 7

Which equation correctly represents the semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Parent DNA} ightarrow 	ext{2 Daughter DNA (each: 1 old + 1 new strand)}$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about chromatin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin consists of DNA complexed with proteins called histones

Question 9

A cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes is described as:

Accepted Answer

Diploid

Question 10

Which process converts the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 11

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation?

Accepted Answer

It delivers amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about alternative splicing?

Accepted Answer

It allows exons to be spliced together in different combinations to produce different mRNAs

Question 13

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 14

What is the primary function of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

Accepted Answer

To attach to chromosomes and help distribute them to daughter cells

Question 15

Which of the following codons signals the start of protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Question 16

If a DNA strand has the sequence $$5'-ATCGGTA-3'$$, what is the complementary sequence?

Accepted Answer

$$3'-TAGCCAT-5'$$

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Production of gametes

Question 18

What is the role of histones in the structure of chromatin?

Accepted Answer

They form disc-shaped clusters around which DNA wraps to form nucleosomes

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Autosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes not involved in sex determination; sex chromosomes are the X and Y pair

Question 20

Which phase of the cell cycle includes the synthesis of enzymes that control cell division and the repair of DNA replication errors?

Accepted Answer

G2 phase

Genetics and Cellular Function: DNA, RNA, Genes, and Cell Cycle

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