Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which peptide hormones exert their effects on target cells?

Accepted Answer

They bind to surface membrane receptors, triggering second messenger cascades within the cell.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a primary endocrine pathology affecting the adrenal cortex. Which of the following hormone profiles would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

Low cortisol, high ACTH, high CRH

Question 3

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is correct?

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones are synthesized on demand from cholesterol and diffuse out of the cell.

Question 4

A researcher is studying a hormone that is derived from tyrosine and is secreted by the adrenal medulla. Which hormone is being studied?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why peptide hormones generally have a short half-life in the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

They are rapidly degraded by enzymes in the blood and tissues.

Question 6

A patient presents with high levels of ACTH and low levels of cortisol. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a permissive hormone interaction?

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormone increasing the number of receptors for epinephrine on target cells

Question 8

What is the main advantage of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system in hormone signaling?

Accepted Answer

It enables rapid and direct delivery of hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of a tropic hormone?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the release of another hormone from an endocrine gland.

Question 10

A patient is given exogenous cortisol for a prolonged period. What is the most likely effect on the patient's endogenous ACTH and CRH levels?

Accepted Answer

Both ACTH and CRH levels will decrease due to negative feedback.

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of amine hormones derived from tryptophan?

Accepted Answer

They include hormones such as melatonin.

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates hormone antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Insulin lowers blood glucose while glucagon raises it.

Question 13

A patient with a pituitary tumor is found to have high cortisol and high ACTH levels. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Secondary endocrine pathology (pituitary origin)

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why steroid hormones require carrier proteins for transport in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They are lipophilic and poorly soluble in plasma.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a short-loop negative feedback mechanism in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis?

Accepted Answer

ACTH inhibiting CRH release from the hypothalamus

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of down-regulation of hormone receptors?

Accepted Answer

Prolonged high hormone levels cause a decrease in receptor number on target cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

They cross the plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors.

Question 18

A patient with a genetic mutation in a G protein-coupled receptor for a hormone is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Normal hormone levels but abnormal tissue responsiveness.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between a primary and a secondary endocrine pathology?

Accepted Answer

Primary pathology originates in the target endocrine gland, while secondary pathology originates in the pituitary gland.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the synthesis and release of peptide hormones?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis as preprohormone → processing to prohormone in the Golgi → storage in vesicles → release by exocytosis

Hormones and the Endocrine System: Structure, Function, and Pathology

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