Question 1

Which of the following is a direct effect of chronic elevated cortisol levels on the body?

Accepted Answer

Suppressed immune function and increased blood glucose

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms of osteoporosis. Which compartment contains the largest percentage of calcium in the body?

Accepted Answer

Bone

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

A 12-year-old child is diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Dwarfism

Question 5

Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Accepted Answer

Low estrogen levels

Question 6

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the systemic circuit?

Accepted Answer

Aorta

Question 7

What is the primary function of the plateau phase in a myocardial contractile cell action potential?

Accepted Answer

To prevent tetanus and ensure proper filling of the heart

Question 8

Which ion is mainly responsible for the depolarization phase in autorhythmic pacemaker cells of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 9

A patient’s EKG shows an absent P wave and an irregular QRS complex. Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Atrial fibrillation

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the pathway of electrical conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

Question 11

Which hormone is most likely to be elevated in a patient with primary hyperthyroidism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of myocardial contractile cells but NOT skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a plateau phase in the action potential

Question 13

A patient is experiencing bradycardia due to increased parasympathetic stimulation. Which receptor is primarily involved?

Accepted Answer

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why bones grow during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate cartilage proliferation stimulated by growth hormone

Question 15

Which of the following is a common physical symptom of cardiac arrhythmias?

Accepted Answer

Palpitations and dizziness

Question 16

A patient with excessive amino acid breakdown is at risk for which metabolic complication?

Accepted Answer

Metabolic acidosis

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the refractory period in myocardial contractile cells?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetanus in the heart

Question 18

Which of the following EKG components represents ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 19

A patient with secondary hypercortisolism is most likely to have a tumor in which location?

Accepted Answer

Anterior pituitary

Question 20

Which equation best represents the calculation of cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Human Physiology: Endocrine Control of Growth, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Physiology (Chapters 23 & 14 Study Guide)

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