Q: Which equation correctly represents the process of opsonization by complement proteins?

$$C3b + \\text{pathogen} \\rightarrow \\text{enhanced phagocytosis}$$

Q: Which equation best represents the activation of the complement system via the classical pathway?

$$\\text{Antibody} + C1q \\rightarrow \\text{Complement activation}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of the innate (non-specific) immune system?

Accepted Answer

B lymphocytes producing antibodies

Question 2

A patient presents with redness, swelling, heat, and pain at the site of a cut. Which process is responsible for these cardinal signs of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Local macrophage activation and release of cytokines

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of complement protein C3b in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

C3b binds to pathogens and enhances their destruction by phagocytes

Question 4

During a bacterial infection, which leukocyte is primarily responsible for phagocytosis and rapid response to pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 5

Which cytokine is secreted by activated macrophages and is responsible for increasing body temperature during fever?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Question 6

A patient with a viral infection shows increased activity of cells that destroy infected host cells without prior sensitization. Which cell type is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Presentation of antigen to naïve T cells

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the process of opsonization by complement proteins?

Accepted Answer

$$C3b + \text{pathogen} \rightarrow \text{enhanced phagocytosis}$$

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why fever can be beneficial during an infection?

Accepted Answer

Fever inhibits the replication of pathogens and enhances immune cell activity

Question 10

Which cell type is responsible for the 'surveillance' function in innate immunity, targeting virus-infected and tumor cells?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

Accepted Answer

A cell that engulfs pathogens and presents their antigens to T cells

Question 12

Which equation best represents the activation of the complement system via the classical pathway?

Accepted Answer

$$\text{Antibody} + C1q \rightarrow \text{Complement activation}$$

Question 13

A patient with a genetic deficiency in complement proteins is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired opsonization and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections

Question 14

Which of the following is a key difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity provides long-term memory against specific antigens

Question 15

Which cell type is primarily responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cells (differentiated B cells)

Question 16

Which equation best represents the process of clonal selection in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

$$\text{Antigen} + \text{Naive lymphocyte} \rightarrow \text{Activated lymphocyte} \rightarrow \text{Clonal expansion}$$

Question 17

A patient receives a vaccine containing an inactivated virus. Which type of immunity is primarily stimulated?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity (active, artificial)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

They directly kill infected host cells presenting foreign antigens

Question 19

Which equation best represents the process of antigen presentation by an APC to a helper T cell?

Accepted Answer

$$\text{APC} + \text{Antigen} + \text{MHC II} \rightarrow \text{Helper T cell activation}$$

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a new strain of influenza virus. Which process allows their adaptive immune system to respond more rapidly upon re-exposure?

Accepted Answer

Formation of memory B and T cells

Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Guida di studio - Domande di pratica

Study guide - Flashcard