Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

They generate ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness due to a mutation affecting the sodium-potassium pump. Which cellular structure is directly responsible for this malfunction?

Accepted Answer

Cell membrane

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are considered biological catalysts?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy and speed up chemical reactions.

Question 4

A solution has a pH of 4. Which of the following statements is correct regarding its hydrogen ion concentration $$[H^+]$$?

Accepted Answer

It has a higher $$[H^+]$$ than a solution with pH 7.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback reverses the initial stimulus, while positive feedback amplifies it.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, which is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin. Which level of protein structure is most directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They assemble amino acids into polypeptides using mRNA as a template.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between atomic number ($$Z$$), mass number ($$A$$), and number of neutrons ($$N) in an $$atom?

Accepted Answer

$$A = Z + N$$

Question 9

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which type of biomolecule is lactose?

Accepted Answer

Disaccharide

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of buffers in maintaining blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Buffers resist changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

Question 11

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

Lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural support and facilitate intracellular transport.

Question 16

A patient is experiencing symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Which metabolic pathway is most directly affected in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It packages and modifies proteins for secretion.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the number of valence electrons in a neutral atom?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Valence\ electrons} = \mathrm{Group\ number}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of translation?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of protein from mRNA.

Question 20

A patient has a genetic mutation that affects the structure of collagen, a protein found in connective tissue. Which level of protein structure is most likely disrupted?

Accepted Answer

Quaternary structure

Key Terms and Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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