$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{energy}$$

$$\text{Fatty Acid} + CoA + FAD + NAD^+ \rightarrow \text{Acetyl-CoA} + $$FADH_2$$ + NADH + H^+$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism in human metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down complex molecules to release energy, while anabolism uses energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

Question 2

During glucose catabolism, which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen ($$O_2)$$

Question 3

Which process is responsible for the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol?

Accepted Answer

Gluconeogenesis

Question 4

A patient is fasting for 24 hours. Which hormone is most responsible for increasing blood glucose levels during this postabsorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the overall reaction for aerobic glucose catabolism?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 6

Which process is most directly responsible for the production of ketone bodies during prolonged fasting?

Accepted Answer

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Question 7

If a person consumes a diet high in protein, which metabolic pathway will be most active to remove excess nitrogen from amino acid catabolism?

Accepted Answer

Urea cycle

Question 8

Which of the following statements about ATP hydrolysis is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP hydrolysis releases energy by converting ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate ($$ATP \rightarrow ADP + P_i).$$

Question 9

Which factor would most likely increase a person's basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Accepted Answer

Increased muscle mass

Question 10

During the absorptive state, which process is most active in adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

Triglyceride synthesis

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the role of NADH and FADH$$_2 in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They donate electrons to the electron transport chain, facilitating ATP production.

Question 12

A patient with liver dysfunction is unable to efficiently process ammonia. Which metabolic pathway is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Urea cycle

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 14

Which of the following is a major function of insulin during the absorptive state?

Accepted Answer

Promotes glucose uptake and storage as glycogen

Question 15

Which equation best represents the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA during beta-oxidation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Fatty Acid} + CoA + FAD + NAD^+ ightarrow 	ext{Acetyl-CoA} + $$FADH_2$$ + NADH + H^+$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of dietary minerals in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Providing energy through oxidation

Question 17

Which process is most important for maintaining blood glucose levels during prolonged exercise?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of transamination?

Accepted Answer

The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid.

Question 19

Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for heat loss from the body when sweat evaporates from the skin?

Accepted Answer

Evaporation

Question 20

A person is exposed to cold temperatures. Which physiological response helps maintain core body temperature?

Accepted Answer

Increased metabolic rate and shivering

Metabolism, Energy, and Nutrition: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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