Q: Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential for potassium ($$\mathrm{K^+}) in a $$neuron?

$$E_{K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{\text{outside}}}{[K^+]_{\text{inside}}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

It stores and releases calcium ions ($$\mathrm{Ca$$^{2+}$$}) $$necessary for muscle contraction.

Question 2

A patient is experiencing muscle weakness due to a defect in the myosin molecular motor. Which process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Cross bridge cycling during muscle contraction

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the production of ATP during anaerobic glycolysis in skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} \rightarrow 2\ \mathrm{C_3H_6O_3} + 2\ \mathrm{ATP}$$

Question 4

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements such as walking?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle

Question 5

During a muscle twitch, which phase corresponds to the time when calcium ions bind to troponin and cross bridges begin to form?

Accepted Answer

Contraction phase

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle has a long absolute refractory period preventing sustained contractions.

Question 7

A lever system in the body consists of a bone (lever), a joint (fulcrum), and muscle force. Which type of lever is most efficient for generating speed and range of motion?

Accepted Answer

Third-class lever

Question 8

Which fascicle arrangement allows for the greatest range of motion but the least power generation?

Accepted Answer

Parallel

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of neuroglia in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Forming the myelin sheath around axons

Question 10

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is primarily established by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The differential permeability of the membrane to $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ and $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions

Question 11

Which equation best represents the Nernst equation for calculating the equilibrium potential for potassium ($$\mathrm{K^+}) in a $$neuron?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{	ext{outside}}}{[K^+]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?

Accepted Answer

Graded potentials are decremental and can vary in amplitude, while action potentials are all-or-none and propagate without decrement.

Question 13

During the absolute refractory period of an action potential, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

No new action potential can be initiated, regardless of stimulus strength.

Question 14

Which process allows for rapid conduction of action potentials along myelinated axons?

Accepted Answer

Saltatory conduction

Question 15

A neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and causes an influx of $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ ions into the postsynaptic neuron. What type of postsynaptic potential is generated?

Accepted Answer

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of a neurotransmitter at a synapse?

Accepted Answer

It depends on the type of receptor present on the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 17

Which of the following is a criterion used in naming skeletal muscles?

Accepted Answer

Location, shape, size, direction of fibers, number of origins, and action

Question 18

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of synergist muscles?

Accepted Answer

The brachialis assists the biceps brachii in flexing the elbow.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the effect of aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

It increases mitochondrial density and capillary supply, enhancing endurance.

Muscle and Nervous System Structure & Function: Study Guide

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