$$MA = \frac{\text{effort arm length}}{\text{resistance arm length}}$$

Question 1

Which protein directly blocks the myosin binding sites on actin filaments in a relaxed skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Tropomyosin

Question 2

During muscle contraction, which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate the process?

Accepted Answer

Ca$$^{2+}$$

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the role of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

It breaks down acetylcholine, terminating the signal.

Question 4

A patient is unable to produce enough myoglobin in their muscle cells. Which function would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen storage for aerobic metabolism

Question 5

Which of the following is a property shared by all muscle tissue types (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)?

Accepted Answer

Ability to contract in response to electrical stimuli

Question 6

Resistance exercise primarily leads to which adaptation in skeletal muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Hypertrophy, or increase in muscle fiber size

Question 7

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the 'reward' pathway in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

It prevents harmful substances from entering the brain while allowing essential nutrients.

Question 9

A person touches a hot stove and quickly withdraws their hand. Which sequence correctly describes the order of neural events?

Accepted Answer

Receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

Question 10

Which class of lever is represented by the action of the triceps brachii extending the forearm at the elbow?

Accepted Answer

First-class lever

Question 11

Which muscle type is responsible for involuntary contractions in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle

Question 12

Which neuroglia cell type is primarily responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 13

Which neurotransmitter is primarily inhibitory in the adult brain and is affected by alcohol consumption?

Accepted Answer

GABA

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Destruction of the myelin sheath slows or blocks nerve impulse transmission.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever?

Accepted Answer

$$MA = \frac{	ext{effort arm length}}{	ext{resistance arm length}}$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes an agonist (prime mover) in muscle action?

Accepted Answer

A muscle primarily responsible for producing a specific movement

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is most likely to be deficient in a patient with Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

Dopamine

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of heart rate and digestion

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?

Accepted Answer

Isometric contractions generate tension without changing muscle length, isotonic contractions change muscle length.

Question 20

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine

Muscular and Nervous System: Key Concepts and Study Guide

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